Diet can significantly influence athletic performance, but recent research developments have
substantially changed our understanding of sport and exercise nutrition. Athletes adopt various
nutritional strategies in training and competition in the pursuit of success. The aim of training is
to promote changes in the structure and function of muscle and other tissues by selective
modulation of protein synthesis and breakdown in response to the training stimulus. This pro-
cess is affected by the availability of essential amino acids in the post-exercise period. Athletes
have been encouraged to eat diets high in carbohydrate, but low-carbohydrate diets up-regulate
the capacity of muscle for fat oxidation, potentially sparing the limited carbohydrate stores.
Such diets, however, do not enhance endurance performance. It is not yet known whether the
increased capacity for fat oxidation that results from training in a carbohydrate-deficient state
can promote loss of body fat. Preventing excessive fluid deficits will maintain exercise capa-
city, and ensuring adequate hydration status can also reduce subjective perception of effort.
This latter effect may be important in encouraging exercise participation and promoting
adherence to exercise programmes. Dietary supplement use is popular in sport, and a few
supplements may improve performance in specific exercise tasks. Athletes must be cautious,
however, not to contravene the doping regulations. There is an increasing recognition of the
role of the brain in determining exercise performance: various nutritional strategies have been
proposed, but with limited success. Nutrition strategies developed for use by athletes can also
be used to achieve functional benefits in other populations.
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